What is deterrence?
Using punishment to discourage the offender or other people from committing crime.
What is incapacitation?
Protecting the public by restricting an offender's liberty and opportunity to offend.
What is retribution?
Punishing an offender because wrongdoing is judged to deserve a proportionate penalty.
What is rehabilitation?
Changing behaviour, thinking or circumstances to reduce future offending.
What is institutionalisation?
Adaptation to institutional routines that can make independent life outside difficult.
What is prisonisation?
Adopting the norms, values and informal culture of prison life.
How can custody create stress?
Through loss of control, separation, uncertainty, fear, overcrowding and restricted privacy.
Why is recidivism important?
It indicates whether punishment and rehabilitation have reduced future offending.
What did Bukstel and Kilmann (1980) conclude?
Psychological responses to imprisonment vary. Some people deteriorate, some improve and others show little change.
Why do reoffending statistics not prove custody causes reoffending?
Prisoners differ from people receiving other sanctions, creating selection bias and confounding variables.